Based on its testing, MSP projects that the 60 mph to zero stopping distance for the 5.7L Durango is 132.7 feet. Create an account to follow your favorite communities and start taking part in conversations. Optional features and packages vary. Study Materials: A practice test is available for purchase at www.frontlinetest.com. Chargers have been known for speed back to their 1960s and 1970s glory days. Agencies Cleaning Police Vehicles to Kill Coronavirus. He was an eight-year member of the Ford Police Advisory Board and regularly gives presentations at law enforcement conferences on mobile computing, wireless technology and police vehicle ergonomics. These eagerly anticipated tests are seen as the most comprehensive analysis of police vehicles in North America. 2019 Chevrolet Tahoe Police 56 Photos Price: $29,750 $493/mo est. The Caprice did have the highest top speed for the sedans, at 154 mph. Its acceleration was solid for a V6 SUV, reaching 100 mph in 0.46 miles, 120 mph in 1.16 miles, and top speed in 2.84 miles. The new 2021 Dodge Charger Pursuit is available in an all-wheel-drive (AWD) version with a 3.6-litre V6, and a rear-wheel-drive (RWD) version with the 5.7-litre V8 motor. Summer Uniforms. as well as other partner offers and accept our, Michigan State Police posted the preliminary results. General Motors Fleet vehicles offer a wide range of standard and available advanced safety and driver assistancetechnologiesto help drivers avoid potential collisions. And it does a remarkable job. Follow the post that serves your community to receive instant notification of traffic crashes, arrests, criminal investigations, community events, education and prevention information, and crime trends impacting your area. Ford Police Interceptor Utility Hybrid AWD, Ford Police Interceptor Utility 3L EcoBoost AWD, Ford F-150 Police Responder 3.5L EcoBoost. Except for the absence of traffic, the two-mile road course simulates actual pursuit conditions and evaluates the blend of suspension components and acceleration, and braking ability. Box 30634 Lansing, Michigan 48909 Phone: 517-332-2521 Contact us via Email Complaint process for Title II of the American Disabilities Act It also has a trailering capacity up to 6,000 lbs. Michigan 2014 Patrol Vehicle Testing Results Released. That powerful and economical engine is paired with a TorqueFlite 8-speed automatic transmission for solid gas mileage. - CT, DE, ME, MD, MA, NH, NJ, NY, PA, RI, VT, VA, DC, Government Each vehicle is scored on the average deceleration rate it attains. Michigan State Police had not released Communication and Ergonomic scores for 2021 as of our deadline, so 2020 figures are listed. Features based on Tahoe Police Package model with 9C1 Package (1FL) equipment group. For the Chargers, MSP tested the 5.7L and the 3.6L models. MSP tests all vehicles for top speed, and since todays vehicles are most often speed limited by software, its a simple verification of the manufacturers claims. Do Not Sell My Personal Information, If you need further help setting your homepage, check your browsers Help menu, 'It's a blessing': 24-year-old takes helm as N.C. police chief, SIG Sauer's ROMEO-M17: The future of the Red Dot revolution is here, New police chief hired at N.C. PD after entire police force resigned, 'You're going to die today': Driver traps Fla. cop inside car while speeding toward power pole, Colo. command chief investigated for unsafe rifle handling, Ford Mustang Mach-E passes Mich. State Police test the 1st all-electric vehicle to do so, Man donates Tesla patrol car to Ohio police department, Open the tools menu in your browser. For the acceleration test, the Ford Mach-E achieved the fastest 0-60 mph and 0-100 mph at 4.03 seconds and 11.94 seconds. It is a fact that officers today are protected by vehicles far safer than ones built even 10 years ago. By providing my contact information I consent that GM and/or a GM dealer can contact me with any GM offers and GM product information. The 6.0L Chevrolet Caprice came in second, at 128.3 ft., and the Dodge Charger with the 5.7L and 3.06 axle ratio came in third, with a stopping distance of 128.5 ft. Rather than investing in a heavy duty bus, the Toledo (Ohio) Police Department has converted more economical Ford E-Series vans to round up disorderly college drunks and other scofflaws at chaotic scenes. Gretchen Whitmer as he tussled with them after. This 4.7-mile, 140-mph neutral steer banked oval provides the appropriate space to obtain accurate test results at top speeds. A multi-modal portable radio with an attached shoulder microphone. In communications, the Dodge Durango scored highest (9.78 points out of 10), with top scores in dashboard accessibility, trunk accessibility, and in the engine compartment. The criteria has historically been that a vehicle must accelerate from 060 mph in 9.0 seconds, 080 mph in 14.9 seconds, and 0100 mph in 24.6 seconds. The Chevrolet Caprice 6.0L had the second-fastest 0 to 60 mph time, at 6.03 seconds, and the number two 0 to 100 mph time, at 14.28 seconds. The drones are a fraction of the cost of a helicopter, Sheriff Charmaine McGuffey told Hamilton County commissioners at a meeting last week. Does anyone know what movie or show this vehicle might be from? This Michigan State Police 2020 Chevy Tahoe K953 Hawaiian Shirt is perfect for wearing to the beach and tropical vacations, cruises, luau and tiki parties, beach weddings, resort wear, work, and everyday attire. The Michigan State Police conducts acceleration, . of weight in the back of each SUV tested. Look for a box or option labeled Home Page (Internet Explorer, Firefox, Safari) or On Startup (Chrome). This may be called Tools or use an icon like the cog. The PIU Hybrid is projected to deliver 24 MPG combined. Please enable cookies on your browser and try again. The Michigan State Police has released preliminary results from its testing of 2013 model-year police vehicles. Dana Safety Supply Adds New Georgia Location. The published results of their testing are one of the gold standards for police vehicle performance analysis. All rights reserved. The vehicle must maintain an average deceleration rate of 25.79 ft./sec2 while performing twenty 600 mph threshold braking stops. Credit: General Motors, Ford F150 Responder by Ford Motor Company If the gas prices continue the way they are, for next year we will either have to figure out a way to cut back or get more funding on that line-item budget., MSP Ranks the Fastest Police Vehicles of 2022. That Hemi is paired with a TorqueFlite 8-speed automatic transmission. He is responsible for the MSP's annual. Four ION light heads mounted in front grille and integrated Outer Edge Rear Pillar with six ION light heads. They do not require the vehicle to have been driven at all before the brakes are evaluated. Texas DPS Fields Marked Dodge Hellcat After Forfeiture. This engine is paired with a 10-speed automatic transmission. It hit that top speed in 35.87 seconds. Get the best deals for michigan state police tahoe at eBay.com. 1923), Hair of man, man-hair, hair ofbreast and groin, marking contour as silverpoint marks in cross- hatching Denise Levertov (b. Last year, BMW submitted both the 750GS & 850GS for testing, but this year, they did not enter either of those models. The Hemi Charger hit 100 mph in 0.24 miles, 120 mph in 0.46 miles, and 140 mph in 1.01 miles. Both these agencies have a long history of testing vehicles designed for use in the rigorous environment, which is frontline policing. Tires are original equipment rubber provided by the manufacturer. 1923), There are only two styles of portrait painting; the serious and the smirk.Charles Dickens (18121870). and manufacturers. Instead, they are souped up specialty vehicles equipped with custom police-specific powertrain and equipment. The Michigan State Police Precision Driving Unit evaluates police vehicles in two categories: Police Category vehicles and Special Service vehicles. Utility to the IACP Conference in Philadelphia that showcase a high-tech, less-cluttered patrol car of the future. The second fastest was the Dodge Charger 5.7L RWD, with an average of 1:36:43. Dodge is now the last remaining supplier of pursuit-rated police sedans in North America. 17. Dodge also sells two pursuit-rated versions of its AWD Durango. MSP drivers managed to do 060 in 4.0 seconds flat and hit 100 mph in 11.9 seconds in the Mach-E police tester. Every year, the department puts Ford, GM, and Fiat Chrysler's latest patrol car offerings through a grueling series of performance tests including acceleration and top speed. - IL, IA, MN, SD, WI, ND, Government The updated ones will be able to capture more, with the 360-degree filming capabilities. Chippewa - COMPLETE ! Apply for a career with Michigan State Police. West Michigan Auto Xchange. It is powered by a 3.3L hybrid gas electric engine that produces 318 combined horsepower and 322 combined foot-pounds of torque. A few years ago, when parts were coming up short to make the former ones rotate, they had Whelen rip the guts out of them and retrofit them with LED's. But the quickest stopping vehicle was the lighter Ford Mustang Mach E at 125 feet. The Michigan State Police (MSP) has released preliminary results from its testing of 2013 model-year police vehicles. We're living in a Golden Age for police motorcycles. The Michigan State Police has been testing police cars since the 1950s. Because of all that power, GM mechanically limits the top speed to 130 mph. Per Michigan State Police specifications, the color is the "same as Dulux 93-032" (and which may be identified by other color designations or codes depending on whether Ford, GM, or Chrysler produced the vehicle to which the paint is applied). GTA 5 LSPDFR #123 - Michigan State Police Tahoe (NVE - LSPDFR 0.4.7) 3,554 views Jul 18, 2020 153 Dislike Share Save Jerutastic 23.4K subscribers What's up guys and welcome back to another. GTA 5 Chevrolet Tahoe Michigan State Police Mod was downloaded 3758 times and it has 0.00 of 10 points so far. According to the report, the vehicles weretested at a track forhandling, acceleration and braking. The Mach-E hit 124 mph in two miles, and after 18 miles of high-speed track testing, the Mach-E used 30% charge on each run; it wasnt down to 30% charge left in the battery (i.e., it went from 80% down to 50% over the eight laps). Indianapolis Police Replacing Patrol Vehicles as Part of Campaign to Retain Officers. And it hit that top speed in 21.46 seconds. Acceleration, braking and top speed tests are performed at the Chrysler proving ground and vehicle dynamics tests are done using the two-mile road course at the Grattan Raceway. The time to reach top speed was 95.89 seconds. The MSP also utilizes "slick top" patrol units for traffic enforcement. It also provides smart features like police-specific front-row seats to accommodate duty belts and a simplified electrical architecture to help streamline upfitting. Each test vehicle makes five measured 60-0 mph stops to full ABS engagement in one direction and then five measured 60-0 mph stops to full ABS engagement in the opposite direction. Weve seen the introduction of very capable hybrid power trains. The 3.6L AWD Dodge Charger features a V6 Pentastar dual overhead cam 24-valve engine that produces 300 horsepower and 260 foot-pounds of torque. According to SoundOff Signal, bluePrint Connect uses a combination of cellular service, proprietary software, applications, and GPS to connect vehicles, equipment, and other assets to the cloud where it monitors and reports on nearly every detail of information about the vehicle. Sergeant Brad Brewer is a 30-year member of the Vancouver Police Department. The objectives of the communications and ergonomics tests are to rate a vehicles ability to provide a suitable environment for patrol officers to perform their job, to accommodate required communication and emergency warning equipment and to assess the relative difficulty in installing this equipment. After ten stops, each vehicle completes one lap around the test oval to cool the brakes, and the test is repeated. Save up to $7,827 below estimated market price. And its quick, too. The 2021 police vehicles are the most mature, well-developed and well-designed police cars one could ever hope to drive. Due date: March 1, 2023. Per Michigan State Police specifications, the color is the "same as Dulux 93-032" (and which may be identified by other color designations or codes depending on whether Ford, GM, or Chrysler produced the vehicle to which the paint is applied). Since then, weve seen significant changes in the design, capability and safety of police vehicles. Michigan State Police Yearly Vehicle Tests. EPA mileage estimate for the PI Utility 3.3L with AWD is 17 city, 23 highway, and 19 combined. 0-60 MPH acceleration . After the cooling distance, the 10 stops are repeated. Both SUVs stopped in a straight line with no noticeable brake fade. But the real eye-opening stats for the PI Utility Hybrid are found in its acceleration numbers. The Michigan State Police has released preliminary results of its performance tests of 2015-MY patrol vehicles in a field with an increasing number of SUVs for law enforcement agencies. The testing team evaluated 15 vehicles, including four motorcycles, a pickup truck and an electric car. Michigan State Police Headquarters 7150 Harris Drive Dimondale, Michigan 48821 Driving Directions Mailing: P.O. And the PI Utility 3.3L with all-wheel drive decelerated from 60 mph to dead stop in 126.6 feet. The Tahoe 4WD performed the same 60 mph to zero deceleration in a projected 127.1 feet, also with no evidence of brake fade. These vehicles are engineered to repetitively stop in a shorter distance, accelerate faster, and handle better than the base platform. This past October, the Michigan State Police (MSP) conducted its annual testing of police vehicles and police motorcycles. Burlington, CO. 2019 Chevrolet Tahoe Police. Modifications to engines, cooling systems, transmissions and shifting parameters, brakes, tires, stability control programming, and other changes may all be included as part of the manufacturers police package. The PIU 3L EcoBoost was the fastest vehicle tested, achieving a top speed of 148 mph, followed by the two Chargers, which tied at 139 mph. Dave Brown is Blue Lines firearms and police vehicle contributor, as well as the Best Dressed Police Vehicle Awards judge. Lexipol. Michigan State Police Precision Driving Unit and the NIJs Justice Technology Information Center (JTIC) test all the vehicles together over a three-day period at the Chrysler Proving Grounds and the Grattan Raceway. Successful test results from MSP and the Los Angeles Sheriff's Department validate manufacturers' engineering efforts in building a car capable of handling the stresses associated with police pursuits. If you ask Martinez which first hes most proud of, its getting his entire fleet of marked patrol vehicles outfitted with ballistic panels and glassfrom Hardwire. But the Hemi is a track-burning beast. Probable cause hearing: Feb. 28 at 1 p.m. The real fuel expenditure in law enforcement patrol operations is leaving the vehicle running while its parked at a scene so that it can keep the battery charged to run lights, radios, air conditioning, computers, and other stuff that draws current. EPA mileage estimates for the 5.7L Charger are 16 city, 25 highway, and 19 combined. manufacturers and certified by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. A minimum of four officers independently evaluate ergonomic factors, and Michigan State Police Communications Division personnel then evaluate each vehicle on the ease of equipment installation. Theyll be masterpieces!Dudley Nichols (18951960), He could jazz up the map-reading class by having a full-size color photograph of Betty Grable in a bathing suit, with a co- ordinate grid system laid over it. Acceleration score is the average of the four tests. The engine was rated at 265 hp. Ford is not just the number one selling pursuit-rated police vehicle in Canada, they are also the fastest (Police Interceptor Utility SUV with the twin turbocharged 3.0L V6 EcoBoost motor, formerly only available from Lincoln) and the slowest (F-150 Police Responder pickup truck with the twin turbocharged 3.5L EcoBoost engine.) Mileage figures are given in U.S. miles per gallon. Coming Soon: 2023 Ford Full-Line Police Vehicle Brochure. The Tahoe RWD went from 60 mph to stopped in a projected distance of 127.4 feet with no evidence of severe brake fading. Lexipol. The Durango Pursuit 3.6L came in at 133.8 feet and the V8 Durango in at 136.6 feet. The practice test is not mandatory. This year, the police vehicles tested were: For vehicle dynamics, the Ford PIU 3L EcoBoost AWD had the fastest average lap speed of 1:36:01. But the true test of the Durangos brake engineering is stopping the 5.7L with the Hemi. It is available in two different versions a V6 3.6L with all-wheel drive and the 5.7L V8 with rear-wheel drive. LANSING, Mich. Last month the Michigan State Police releaseditsreviewof pursuit-rated police vehicles for the 2022 model year. great value $3,180 below $32,930 CARFAX Value No Accident or Damage Reported CARFAX 1-Owner Government Use Service History Dealer: Velishek Auto Sales Location: Prior Lake, MN Mileage: 77,982 miles Body Style: SUV Color: White Engine: 8 Cyl 5.3 L While the law varies by state, nearly all require that drivers slow down and move over for law enforcement and other emergency vehicles when their lightbars and/or sirens are activated. The previous Tahoe was one of the very last full-size, body-on-frame SUVs with a solid axle rear end. Stay . When the police need proven performance for their fleets, the 2023 Chevrolet Tahoe PPV provides powerful backup. The Kent County Sheriffs Office in Michigan has set up a sanitation station for cruisers to be completely sanitized after they transport people to jail. In April 2007 the Motor Carrier Division merged with the Traffic Services Section to form the Traffic Safety Division of the Michigan State Police. Read more about this topic: Michigan . Before implementing new software, TDPS was using spreadsheets alongside an outdated asset management system without flexibility to meet the department's needs resulting in many inefficiencies. The Dodge Charger with the 5.7L came in at the number three spot for the 0 to 60 mph test, at 6.08 seconds (with a 3.06 axle ratio), and third in the 0 to 100 mph test, at 14.39 seconds (with the 2.65 axle ratio). Some of the highlighted results from the vehicle testing: The 2021 Ford F-150 Police Responder accelerated from 060 mph in just 5.8 seconds versus 6.6 seconds for the previous model. Copyright 2023 Summa Health Police Ford Police Interceptor Utility - Ohio. The PI Utility Hybrid is relatively slow compared to the PI Utility 3.0L EcoBoost. They agree that a pursuit capable police vehicle must be able to handle higher stresses than normal and perform better at high speed than their civilian counterparts. Reddit and its partners use cookies and similar technologies to provide you with a better experience. Both versions of the Tahoe PPV are powered by a 5.3-liter V-8. The time to reach top speed was clocked at 41.57 seconds. MSP also tested the 3.6LChevrolet Impala. Gainesville, FL, Disbands K-9 Unit Over Arrestee Losing Eye, IL Deputy Dies After Medical Event During Training, New TASER 10 Will Require Training for Seasoned Officers, Brinc Announces Next Generation of Lemur Drone, 11 Inspirational Quotes to Boost Police Morale in Trying Times, Half of Survey's Very Liberal Respondents Believe 1,000 or More Unarmed Black Men Killed by Police in 2019, L.A. County Sheriff Completes Police Vehicle Tests. . When officers are forced to escalate to high-risk activities, their vehicle must be able to perform consistently at a high level with a non-existent failure rate. The 2022 Police Interceptor Utility (PIU) 3.0L EcoBoost turned a quick 060 mph (5.5 seconds) and 0100 mph times (13.5 seconds). Thirteen vehicles were submitted to the NIJ in the Police category for the 2021 model year: The vehicle acceleration, top speed, and braking tests are performed at the FCA Proving Grounds. The service requires full cookie support in order to view this website. The addition of our fourth Georgia location serving Metro Savannah and southern Georgia is yet another example of our commitment to the public safety market by providing quality installation services close to their departments. To run multiple accessories, Tahoe PPV has dual batteries (900 CCA and 760 CCA) with a 250-amp alternator as well as an electrical architecture with dedicated wiring harnesses that help simplify upfits. The published results of their testing are one of the gold standards for police vehicle performance analysis. Copyright 2023 If the gas prices continue the way they are, for next year we will either have to figure out a way to cut back or get more funding on that line-item budget.. [1] Not available with SEO (6J8) Lamp Package, White, SEO (6JE) Lamp Package, Blue or SEO (6J9) Lamp Package, Red. During brake testing, the Charger 3.6L RWD & AWD had a slightly longer stopping distance from last year from 60 mph. - PA, CT, NY, DE, MD, MA, ME, NH, VT, - CT, DE, ME, MD, MA, NH, NJ, NY, PA, RI, VT, VA, DC, - AL, FL, GA, KY, NC, SC, TN, VA, WV, VI, PR, - AK, CA, CO, HI, ID, MT, NV, OR, UT, NM, WA, AZ, WY, - GA, AL, FL, TN, SC, NC, KY, WV, VA, PR, VI, - AK, AZ, CA, CO, HI, ID, MT, NV, NM, OR, UT, WA, WY, - AR, IL, IA, KS, LA, MS, MO, NE, OK, TN, TX, - AK, CA, CO, ID, MT, NV, OR, UT, WA, ND, SD, - AK, AZ, CA, CO, HI, ID, MT, NV, NM, OR, UT, - IL, IA, KS, LA, MS, MO, NE, OK, TN, TX, AR, - CT, DE, ME, MD, MA, NJ, NY, PA, RI, VT, VA, DC, NH, GM Dealers needing assistance, please call the FAC at, AVAILABLE RED AND BLUE LED LIFTGATE LIGHTING, AVAILABLE LANE KEEP ASSIST WITH LANE DEPARTURE WARNING, AUTOMATIC EMERGENCY BRAKING AND FRONT PEDESTRIAN BRAKING, AVAILABLE RED LEFT/BLUE RIGHT WHELEN LED LAMP PACKAGE, OnStar-embedded hardware, includes 3-month trial of Safety &, Front Park Assist Disable dealer calibration for push bumper up-fitting, 5.3L V8 engine (355 hp/383 lb.-ft. of torque), 10-speed automatic transmission with dashmounted gear selector, 20-inch Firestone Firehawk Pursuit tires, 760 cold-cranking amps auxiliary battery with 70-amp hour rating, Heavy-duty, police-rated brake system with front Brembo calipers on 16-inch rotors, High-output 250-amp alternator and 100-amp rear power supply, StabiliTrak Electronic Stability Control System with Traction Control, Calibration for flashing rear red and white lamps, 40/20/40 three-passenger split-folding front bench seat with center fold-down armrest, 60/40 split-folding rear bench seat, manual, Class IV trailering receiver with 7-wire harness connector, Matching full-size underbody spare tire with programmable Tire Pressure, Steering wheel switches for emergency equipment, Surveillance mode interior and exterior lighting calibrations, Auxiliary LED dome lamp with red and white settings, headliner mounted, Color-keyed carpeting with removable floor mats, Inside rear doors and windows inoperative, Second-row seat delete (ships as incomplete vehicle) for K9 or hazmat, Wiring for grille lamps, siren speakers and horn/siren circuit. Distance to reach 100 mph is 0.24 miles, 120 mph in 0.45 miles, and the distance to reach 148 mph is 1.24 miles. Call - Unknown Michigan State Police Department Tri City Post My Instagr. Tahoe PPV now offers an available Whelen LED Lamp package for emergency lighting. At last years MSP test, the EcoBoost PIU (SUV) had the highest top speed of any vehicle tested, at 150 mph. Both hit a top speed of 140 mph. Michigan State Police Chevy Tahoe PPV responding on Michigan Avenue in West Saginaw. undefined, undefined. The engine was rated at 265 hp. There have been increases in performance, braking, handling and fuel efficiency. The MSP recommends that agencies apply the information to the needs of their departments. That's where the Michigan State Police steps in. The Orange County (Calif.) Sheriff's Department issued 1962 Chrysler Newport sedans that offered deputies a 5.9-liter, V-8 (361 CID) rear-wheel powertrain with push button transmission. Meeting these criteria does not certify a vehicle as being pursuit rated; rather, it justifies a vehicle is capable of performing the job function the MSP requires in a police vehicle. Winter coat system. MSP performance testing of the 2021 PI Utility models proves one thing: Ford makes some really fast SUVs. As for fuel economy, the Mach-E has an estimated 84 MPGe. It reached 100 mph in 20.19 seconds. General Motors has completely redesigned the popular and roomy Chevrolet Tahoe Police Pursuit vehicle (PPV) for . LANSING A state representative told Michigan State Police troopers he had approval over their budget and threatened to call Michigan Gov. One reason IMPD says some officers, especially young officers, are leaving the department is because of the patrol vehicles. Clare Clinton Crawford Delta Dickinson - COMPLETE ! The following is a look at the latest patrol SUVs and sedans with a discussion of their performance in the MSP testing. Thats solid performance for a V6. It uses the hybrid batteries and if the charge starts to get low on the batteries it will run the engine just long enough to give them a boost. Bail: $5,000/personal recognizance (PR). The PIU 3L EcoBoost was the fastest vehicle tested, achieving a top speed of 148 mph, followed by the two Dodge Chargers, which tied at 139 mph. Hot dog!Norman Mailer (b. The MSP has performance criteria attached to its purchasing specifications. By accepting all cookies, you agree to our use of cookies to deliver and maintain our services and site, improve the quality of Reddit, personalize Reddit content and advertising, and measure the effectiveness of advertising. The first five stops are performed in a southbound direction, the second set of stops in a northbound direction across the same surface. The Las Vegas Police Department hasn't existed since the 1970's and this is definitely a modern Interceptor SUV. The vehicle must reach 110 mph in 4,838 feet and 120 mph in 8,985 feet. 43 deals found. The Tahoe PPV provides officers with 20-inch tires and 6-piston front Brembo brake calipers with 16-inch front rotors that help provide improved handling and critical stopping power. Brake testing of the 2021 f-150 police responder led MSPs experts to project a stopping distance of 153.2 feet, significantly more than Fords patrol SUVs. Or as they put in the hit 1980 filmThe Blues Brothers, "it's got a cop motor, it's got cop tires, cop suspension, cop shocks,", Unfortunately, most of us outside of the law enforcement community will never get to experience the performance capabilities of these police-spec cars.
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