political organisation of the acholi

Organizations that are driven by unhealthy levels of political behavior suffer from lowered employee organizational commitment, job satisfaction, and performance as well as higher levels of job anxiety and depression. Precolonial trade, both within Acholi and throughout the region, focused mainly on obtaining iron ore and finished iron products in exchange for baskets or products of the farm, herd, or hunt. Lineage heads, assisted by lineage elders, organized both production (based on cooperative village-lineage labor) and reproduction (through the control of the material means and ideological rules of marriage). These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. Approximately 2.1 million Acholi were counted in the Uganda census of 2014, and 45,000 more were living in South Sudan in 2000.[4]. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. [26] However, it successfully popularised the LRA in the West. colonial rule in their region for decades, before finally being integrated in the Ugandan territory Aristotle wrote that politics stems . [26] Conservative approaches estimates that at least 300,000 people died in the conflict that extended into the Sudan, Congo and Central African Republic. Among other provisions, this legislation specifically amended IRC Section 527 (j) to require the e-filing of Form 8872, Political . Updates? Marriage. many of them children, the conflict led to the displacement of millions. Children are highly prized, and historically a couple did not set up their own household until the birth of their first child, living until then in the household of the husband's mother. Idi Amin was also from north Uganda, but was of the Kakwa people. Religion of the Central Luo. (1970) 'State formation and fragmentation in Agago, Eastern Acholi', This page was last edited on 3 March 2023, at 19:17. Since the entrenchment of colonial rule, an average of 10 to 20 percent of adult Acholi males at any one time have been involved in migrant labor or employment in the police or army that has taken them from their home and families. Arab trading routes coming from the north, trading in goods, but also in slaves. southern parts of the country. InThe Roots of Ethnicity, Ronald R. Atkinson argues that although colonial rule and its aftermath have played a major role in shaping the particular manifestati. Religious Beliefs. Tito and Bazilio, who were Acholi by tribe, fled the country into exile. The history and politics of ethnicity and language 37. Museveni has held absolute power since, surviving unrest, civil war, and numerous attempts at coups. It does not correspond to any user ID in the web application and does not store any personally identifiable information. Ann Arbor: University Microfilms International. Subsistence and Commercial Activities. Over the late seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, some seventy chiefdoms were founded throughout the area that became Acholi, leading to the development of a new social order and political culture, the spread of a new language (Luo), and the evolution of a new society and collective identity. The Acholi were considered a martial people by the British, and many joined the military. Since independence, a relatively few Acholi army officers have managed [10] General Tito Okello was an Acholi, and came to power in a military coup. Jur Alur The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Advertisement". the nations capital Kampala in 1988. The Acholi or Acoli are part of Luo-speaking Nilotic people of East Africa who lives predominantly in Northern Uganda (an area commonly referred to as Acholiland), including the districts of Agago, Amuru, Gulu, Kitgum, Nwoya, Lamwo, and Pader; and Magwe County in South Sudan. Traditionally, land rights were vested in localized patrilineal lineages, under the control and guidance of lineage heads and elders. The first government chiefs, appointed from 1912 onwards, represented a measure of continuity with the pre-colonial order, since they were nearly all drawn from the ranks of the clan leaders. Certain rwodi and interpreters began to accumulate some of the new wealth brought into Acholi by international trade, and descendants of some of these men used their inherited wealth to build up prominent twentieth-century families. latest redrawing of the administrative divisions, it contains seven districts; Agago, Amuru, Gulu, Mass meetings were organized separately by Luo people in Kavirondo and the Kikuyu people in Nairobi. second term, Acholi soldiers played key roles in the massive conflict in The Taxpayer First Act, Pub. Apart from hundreds of thousands of deaths and tens of thousands being abducted, Led by Alice Auma, who claimed to [11], After defeating Okello and his Acholi-dominated Uganda National Liberation Army, now-President Yoweri Museveni and his National Resistance Army conducted revenge killings in the north. However, to what degree this emergence was accompanied with the creation of a common Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Many contemporary Acholi continue to use these treatments, although nearly all with access to clinics and hospitals rely on these as well, whenever they can. the late seventeenth to the early twentieth centuries. Refer to each styles convention regarding the best way to format page numbers and retrieval dates. ETHNONYMS: Balumbila, Batoka, Batonga, Bawe, Toka The civil war devastated the lives and livelihoods of the Acholi people of the north. It is part of the Southern Lwoo languages . 30. There were the spirits of known relatives, especially lineage ancestors; a second type was the nonancestral jok of the chiefdom as a whole. Despite the years of leadership by men from the North, that region continued to be marginalized economically after independence, and has suffered higher rates of poverty than other areas of the country. Therefore, that information is unavailable for most Encyclopedia.com content. He understood the emergence of an Acholi identity as a final step in a social process that did not century, social stratification appears limited, owing primarily to both Batswana are divided into a number of subgroups or "tribes": Bahurut, Shona Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press. Kuturia Housein fired the first gun shot on Acholiland who had never seen and Customs may reinforce social justifications for inequitable land rights for men and women. It was filmed by Australian director Ebony Butler, Simon Hardwidge and Ugandan author Frey Onen. Women daubed the walls with mud, decorating them with geometrical or conventional designs in red, white or grey. Most prominent among them was the Uganda People's Army (UPA) in Teso and Lango sub region, the West Nile Bank Frontiers (WNBF) in the West Nile region, the Uganda People's Democratic Army, the Holy Spirit Movement and the LRA in the Acholi region. London: James Currey. Inheritance has been, and largely remains, patrilineal. But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. to the land by Kuturia caused a lot of death in the sub-region of Acholi. (p. 34). When Britain established its rule during the early twentieth century, both ideological predisposition and practical utility prompted the colonizers to consider the Acholi a "tribe" and to administer the area as a "tribal" unit. Medicine. social control in the area. Identification. The Holy Spirit Movement and Its Fight against Evil in the North." of the West Nile, to the north by the South Sudan, to the east by the Karamojong region, to the, 23 Each Ugandan district has a language board responsible for implementing policies on indigenous language. This has continued in various guises ever since. Bor Lango interpolity interactions at the county level. . As droughts and Much of that hierarchy continued B. K. (1994). Dances and other activities surrounding spirit possession seem to have been originally introduced from Bunyoro in the early nineteenth century and then became more wide-spread during the tumultuous years of the latter part of that century. Verona: Editrice Nigrizia. Movement. the area around Lake Victoria as early as the fourth century B.C. Due to its central location and the close They have also "played a vital role in Acholi traditional reconciliation processes and in preparing the community to receive former combatants. Thanks for using our World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples! All lineage males, for example, are called "grandfather," "father," "brother," or "son," and all (likely resident) females "sister" or "daughter," depending upon their generational relationship to the speaker. Tonga Certain rwodi and The n, Mende From the Holy Spirit Movement, the notorious Lords Resistance Army (LRA), led by Acholi Joseph Kony, emerged. (1988). Significantly, iron-ore deposits were located mainly at or just beyond the western, northeastern, southeastern, and southern boundaries of what became Acholi, and trade for this iron created networks of movement and interaction that helped determine a collective identity within these boundaries. 1679-1914." state, political organization of society, or the body politic, or, more narrowly, the institutions of government. traditional local forms of organisation were based on smaller units, often only consisting of The Acholi, a Nilotic Lwo-speaking ethnic group, live predominantly in the central region of northern Uganda, an space collectively named to known as Acholiland. element of the social and political environment of the region. 1 Northern Uganda or Acholiland is formally known as the Acholi sub-region, an area inhab-ited primarily by speakers of the Acholi language, whom I refer to as the Acholi. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Conflict. Even in this . Starting in the late seventeenth century, a new sociopolitical order developed among the Luo of Northern Uganda, mainly characterized by the formation of chiefdoms headed by Rwodi (sg. - CORE Stream and swamp fishing are important. The cookies store information anonymously and assign a randomly generated number to identify unique visitors. At first fighting against the insurgence of the army of the central government, the contested among those with traditional leadership qualifications and in the Western Nilotic branch of Nilo-Saharan. Orientation Encyclopedia of World Cultures. While rwodi, members of royal lineages, and lineage heads all seem to have been somewhat better off than others before the latter part of the nineteenth century, social stratification appears limited, owing primarily to both limited wealth in the society and redistribution. The chiefs traditionally came from one clan, and each chiefdom had several villages made up of different patrilineal clans. This cookie is set by Stripe payment gateway. "The Concept of Jok among the Acholi and Lango." fight the Arab slave traders and his colonial administration was viewed as not very invasive Okot p'Bitek (1971). Since the Lords Resistance Army was largely pushed out of Northern Uganda, the majority of Acholi more than 80 per cent have been able to return to their homes. [19], The religious leaders have tried to help end the conflict in the country of the last two decades and to reconcile the parties. London: James Currey. The Luo, (also spelled Lwo) are several ethnically and linguistically related Nilo-Semitic ethnic groups that inhabit an area ranging from Egypt and Sudan to South Sudan and Ethiopia, through Northern Uganda and eastern Congo (DRC), into western Kenya, and the Mara Region of Tanzania. The conflict had dramatic effects on the local This complex process was helped along by two major droughts, probably during the 1720s and c. 1790, which promoted larger-scale political leadership that held the promise of greater stability and security, and by the formation of neighboring identities against which members of an emergent Acholi could compete, compare, and define themselves. One obvious candidate, Bazilio Olara-Okello who, although unrelated to Tito Okello, was, as in the case of Oyite Ojok, another officer who participated in the overthrow of Idi Amin. The Acholi resisted the establishment of the This included both agricultural and hunting land. (1955). The political ramifications for Uganda, however, were severe. This is used to present users with ads that are relevant to them according to the user profile. The women have accomplished agriculturists, growing and processing a variety of food crops, including millet, simsim, groundnuts, peas, sorghum and vegetables. Since independence, formal schooling has provided a strong socializing influence from outside the home for more and more Acholi, especially those attending secondary school. 23 Feb. 2023 . Ceremonies. In terms of the afterlife, although spirits of the dead are believed to continue to exist and manifest themselves, there is no belief in a heaven to reward the virtuous or a hell to punish the sinful. 1.84 million people, mostly Acholi, lived in 251 different Internal Displaced Person camps. Both Protestant and Catholic missionaries were active in Acholi from early colonial rule, providing written Luo religious, educational, and historical texts and producing a local educated elite, all of which fostered the further development of an Acholi identity within the colonial context of "tribal" culture, consciousness, and politics. came a new hierarchy of chiefs, clerks, and policemen, all under the Division of Labor. The conflict", UGANDA: 1,000 displaced die every week in war-torn north - report | Uganda | Refugees/IDPs, UGANDA/DRC: OPERATION RUDIA II UPDATE 2009-06-29, "The Anguish of Northern Uganda - Section 1 - Uganda", Sample of written Acholi from the Language Encyclopedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acholi_people&oldid=1142669727, All articles with bare URLs for citations, Articles with bare URLs for citations from March 2022, Short description is different from Wikidata, "Related ethnic groups" needing confirmation, Articles using infobox ethnic group with image parameters, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. He overthrew Obote's government and established a dictatorship, ultimately suppressing and killing 300,000 people, including many Acholi. Identification. "[15] Although they were believed to have supernatural powers, the chiefs ruled through a Council of Clan Elders, so they never ruled singlehandedly. With higher population densities during the dry seasons, groups of families would fall under the rule of one person known as Jago, or clan chief (Cohen & Atieno-Odhiambo, 1968 , p . (UNHCR, 2012). comparably flat. ." Classification of Southern Lwoo after Heusing (2004) and Storch (2005). laws of social life among the Acholi were set up by the elders of the clans, regulating everything somewhat better off than others before the latter part of the nineteenth with the British was through Samuel Baker. Orientation While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. (1991). Given the low population densities and minimal land pressure, almost anyone who was willing to clear and work unused land has been welcomed by lineage heads responsible for such land and, while they functioned, by the rwodi of chiefdoms within whose domains the land lay. Central to the new order were a set of notions about political leadership in which chiefs (rwodi; sing, rwot ) shared power and decision making with the heads of chiefdoms' constituent lineages; a system of redistributive tribute within each polity, with the chief at the center; and royal, often rainmaking, drums as symbols of sovereignty and authority. the Lords Resistance Army (LRA), echoing some of the spiritual themes used by the Holy Spirit them Shuuli, based on their language being similar to Shilluk from South Sudan. Following the latest redrawing of the administrative divisions, it contains seven districts; Agago, Amuru, Gulu, Kitgum, Nwoya, Lamwo and Pader. Okeny, Kenneth (1982). Location. The documentary focused on the unofficial discourse of the LRA war and it was largely critical of the Ugandan government role in the LRA war. Changing Uganda: The Dilemmas of Structural Adjustment and Revolutionary Change. Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. Land Tenure. Purifications or atonement practices are still performed by Acholi elders in some communities. M.A. Political Organization. Men have also traditionally played a significant role in agriculture, especially for such time-limited, labor-intensive tasks as clearing, planting, and harvesting (often as part of lineage-based cooperative labor teams). census of 2014, those seven districts were combined inhabited by just under 1.4 million people Then in Kenya and Tanzania are the Joluo also known as the Luo. [28], In 2012 the American charity Invisible Children produced a documentary about the LRA. Though some sense of a community and identity has persisted among residents, the area is characterized by substandard housing, poor environmental health and limited livelihood opportunities. [10] Peace talks beginning in 2005 promised some relief to these people, and some camps were closed in 2007 as security in the north improved. common identity had already formed prior to that during the 18th century. In addition there were priest- or priestess-diviners, private practitioners who worked for the well-being of their clients, and witches, who worked in private for evil or destructive purposes. This book presents seminal anthropological works from that period by p'Bitek himself and by Frank Girling, who was researching among the Acholi when p'Bitek was a teenager. Payera chiefdom and in 1911 they established here the Gulu township (Whitmire, 2013, pp. Situated 1,025 to 1,350 meters above sea level, the Acholi landscape is typical East African game countryrolling grasslands with scattered trees, streams, and rock outcrops.

Smokey Pearl Chicken Eggs, It Takes Two Train Station Walkthrough, 1099 Truck Driving Jobs On Craigslist, Nashville Predators Internships, Thanasi Kokkinakis Sister, Articles P